Collaborative Consumption The Fashion Community - 5756 Words

Collaborative Consumption: The Fashion Community Home-written individual Exam Table of Contents 1 Introduction and Assumptions 2 2 Consumption Rationales 2 2.1 Cognitive Perspective 3 2.2 Experiential Perspective 4 2.3 Cultural and Social Perspective 5 2.4 Evaluation 6 3 Segmentation 3.1 VALSTM Framework 6 7 3.1.1 Thinkers 8 3.1.2 Strivers 8 3.1.3 Experiencers 9 3.2 Evaluation and Recommendation 9 4 Service Offer 10 4.1 Product 10 4.2 Price 11 4.3 Promotion 11 4.4 Place 11 4.5 Evaluation 11 5 Attracting more Customers 12 5.1 Classical†¦show more content†¦CC is a business model, that is used to grant a community of consumers access to goods or services by sharing rather than ownership. This trend is enhanced further as newly developed technologies such as social media and the internet have spread globally (Walsh 2011). 2.1 Cognitive Perspective The Cognitive Perspective or the studies of Consumer Behavior describes consumers as rational decision makers that evaluate different features of alternative products and goods according to personal preferences and logical reasoning. Consumers act like a computer driven by the brain’s wants. Østergaard and Jantzen (2000, p.15) describe this behavior as a consumer-driven adjustment towards equilibrium of a person’s preferences and the current situation in the given environment. One of those models used to explain this rational evaluation of goods and services in the Cognitive Perspective is the Fishbein Model. Consumers form an attitude (A) towards a product based on an evaluation (Ei) of several attributes (i) and the belief (Bi) that a product possesses these attributes. A larger attitude towards a product increases the probability of buying the product (Fishbein and AjzenShow MoreRelatedHow Textiles And Fashion Designers Have Contributed And Approached Fundamental Issues Within Ecological Design1414 Words   |  6 PagesSUSTAINABILITY ESSAY Explore and comment on how textiles and fashion designers have contributed and approached fundamental issues within ecological design. INTRODUCTION Ecological design is the sole responsibility of innovation and the creativity of products and objects that will sustain our society and future societies. It is critical that we change the way sustainable design is perceived and interpreted, by beginning to develop an understanding of the history and journey from ‘Green design’Read MoreActivity Theory As A Theoretical Framework1697 Words   |  7 PagesLiterature article Roos, A., (2015) Activity theory as a theoretical framework in the study of information practices in molecular medicine. Health Information Libraries Journal, 32, 23–36 This article uses the â€Å"Research studies in social or collaborative computing which use the theory as a framework to examine the use of a product† option to apply the Activity theory to a current social issue. This paper describes the application Activity Theory (AT)2 to 1. comprehend the systematic step-wiseRead MoreImpact Of The Internet On Public Sphere Essay1619 Words   |  7 PagesDespite its critics and some shortcomings early highlighted (Benson, 2009), the Habermas’ idea (and an ideal, too) of a public sphere in which all individuals and opinions should have the opportunity to democratically be engaged in community is an oft-cited framework in order to better understand media, democracy, and pluralism (Antony Thomas, 2010; Garcà ­a-Canclini, 1992; Jurgen Habermas, 1964; Stein, 2006). In Habermas’ words, a â€Å"well-functioning public sphere† implies an â€Å"open communication structuresRead MoreHow Business Models Can Be Used For Management Essay2035 Words   |  9 Pagesis similar to and different from Collaborative Consumption. (2+2=4) †¨ 1(2) The Sharing Economy reduces coordination costs between two (or more) sides of a transaction to provide access without transferring ownership. 2(2) Collaborative Consumption is a part or the Sharing Economy and the term refers to the shared use of a good or service by a group. By renting out unused assets when they are not in use, the owner turns the asset into a commodity for collaborative usage. 5. Define and give an exampleRead MoreCase Study : The Sharing Economy1821 Words   |  8 Pagesaccountability. Sharing Economy is a socio-economic ecosystem built around the sharing of human and physical resources. This includes the shared creation, production, distribution, trade and consumption of goods and services by different people and organizations. Sharing economy, is also known as collaborative consumption, which is a trending business concept that highlights the ability (and perhaps the preference) for individuals to rent or borrow goods rather than buy and own them. Sharing economy allowRead MoreNew Health Care And Elderly Care Solutions2216 Words   |  9 PagesWater Management Smart Energy WHY SMART ENERGY? ï‚ § Cities consume 75% of world energy [BOMA 2006]; ï‚ § Through Smart Grids, globally could be reduced carbon emissions by 2.03 Gt CO2e (worth â‚ ¬ 79 billions) [Steinert 2011]; ï‚ § The world marketed energy consumption is projected to increase by 44% from 2006 to 2030 (and will increase by 73% from BRIC countries) [EIA: Energy Information Administration, US]. ï‚ § energy accounts for the largest portion of GHG emissions (29%) [McKinsey Smart 2020 Report]. ï‚ § CRITICALRead MoreModernist Cuisine: The Art and Science of Cooking Essay2481 Words   |  10 Pagesother words, being empowered by these communities, these individual will execute the ability to share knowledge and creation. As we observed, this may be a case of what is trending; collaborative economy or sharing economy. Forbes contributor, Sarah McKinney reports: such peer-to-peer marketplaces for example, Airbnb, Taskrabbit and Lyft are platforms that create these sharing community that decreases needless waste with enabled collaborative consumption. Being centred on their company cultureRead MoreFood Loss And Its Effects On Food Production3298 Words   |  14 Pagesan age of plenty, there continues to be considerable and intolerable inefficiencies that generate extreme consequences in this world. Food loss is a pure example of this. Food loss represents the edible amount of food that is available for human consumption but is not consumed for any reason, which is discarded towards the front of the food supply chain, including harvest, post-harvest, and processing (Lipinski 2013). The production of the food in the United States is inefficient because of its inabilityRead MoreAbercrombie Fitch: an Upscale Sporting Goods Retailer Becomes a Leader in Trendy Apparel6425 Words   |  26 PagesHemingwa y and the expeditions of Admiral Byrd to the North and South Poles, Abercrombie Fitch goods were renowned for their durability and dependability. In 1992, a new management team began repositioning Abercrombie Fitch as a more fashion-oriented casual apparel business directed at 18 to 22 year-old male and female college students with a product assortment reflecting a youthful lifestyle based upon an East Coast heritage and Ivy League traditions. In 1998, the Company launchedRead MoreImproving The Nation s Health2665 Words   |  11 Pagesstudents, faculty and staff can improve the overall health of the University of the Sciences’ community: Our students, upon graduating, will be prepared to enter into almost every area of the workforce. It is vital, therefore, to arm our students, our faculty and staff with the tools that will encourage us to live healthier lifestyles and take these habits back into our homes, our workplaces and the wider community. Background/ Health Statement: Several health issues affect us today. While some diseases

Psi Case - 1008 Words

The difference in the disparity in Raja’s and Maya’s performance seems to be based on the patriarchal society in Bangladesh. Studies have shown that men do most of the household purchases, and women are influenced by the men as far as what to purchase. This might be a reflection of the difference in literacy rates between men and women, which is 27% and 12%, respectively. Women don’t have purchasing power. Raja, which means king, speaks to the masculinity of the men making them feel more powerful. Since Raja is a male condom, it is targeted toward the men in the villages. Maya, which means beauty, is a birth control pill that has been marketed toward women, but as stated before, women do not hold the purchasing power. Women both listen to†¦show more content†¦They have to fight the culture and attitudes, the buying/selling process, and the medical care system. In a survey, it showed that there was an overall ignorance of birth control methods thus why th ere were so many large families in Bangladesh. The distribution for birth control was mainly done through the local markets of the small villages in Bangladesh. Pharmacies, general stores and pan stores were the main places where the products were sold and small-scale entrepreneurs owned all these retail locations. Therefore, the competitors in the market weren’t dealing with large-scale companies, which means it was a lot harder to establish a strong relationship with its distributors and control the in-store marketing for their products. Another barrier for the competitors was the lack of formal medical education of the doctors. Many of them were not familiar with Western medicine (including oral contraceptives) so they were not helping to encourage women to take birth control pills in general. As far as a new marketing plan, I would first change the name of the product because the negative image associated with it resonated too much with the doctors, RMPs and the female patients. It has been confused with the government pill because of the side effects that it has caused in some women. These women assume that they are taking Maya instead of what they’re actually taking, which is the government pill. The name should be something that still sounds feminine butShow MoreRelatedThe PSI Case: Marketing of Raja and Maya1168 Words   |  5 Pagesretailers than PSI gave it to retailers as for sales of Maya. - Image of Maya was negative among doctors and RMPs who were at a position that could recommend contraceptive pills to consumers. In this context, Raja could be more freely sold to consumers without intervention of doctors and RMPs. - Furthermore, Raja had a positive connotations and wide recognition with its brand name. Q2) How do you characterize the competitive environment in Bangladesh? That is, when you look at PSI vs. the otherRead MoreCase of Psi Social Marketing Project in Bangladesh Essay709 Words   |  3 Pages   Case Summary of PSI: Social  Marketing Project in Bangladesh 1) Who is right: Ciszewski or Schellstede? Why? I think both of them are right and have good strategy in trying to improve sales of Maya. Ciszewski isright in the idea of rebranding  Maya to improve the poor image  as it stands right now, i.e. change nameand increase the price to raise the image of the brand. We have a room for price increasing as it isshown that other OC brands with price 5-10 times higher can have better sales thanRead MoreEssay on The Woodbridge Chapter Kappa Alpha Psi610 Words   |  3 PagesThe Woodbridge Chapter Kappa Alpha Psi is a fraternity organization that supports various youth groups with the emphasis on teaching, developing and reinforcing mannerism of young adulthood. To relate to today’s society; comprehensive information is registered through the chapter’s website that best explain the functions of the organization. The Woodbridge Chapter Kappa Alpha Psi’s website offers convenient access for knowledge and community service opportunities of the organization. The shortR ead MoreThe Privilege Against Self Incrimination1591 Words   |  7 PagesThe privilege against self-incrimination (â€Å"PSI†) s a very vague and wide legal concept under the common law initially. The common law rule was initially described as a rule that bounds no one to answer any question if it might expose him to any criminal charge or penalty in England and Wales. The history of the privilege against self-incrimination is one filled with contention and complication. Mclnerney divided PSI into three distinct sub-rights that are rather concise and well explained. FirstRead MoreA Brief Note On Psychic And Paranormal Phenomena1275 Words   |  6 Pagesparanormal phenomena, more commonly known as psi phenomena. These phenomena include psychokinesis, precognition, and extrasensory perception. Psychokinesis is defined as the power to move objects through psychic means. Precognition is the ability to foresee and predict the future. Extrasensory perception is the ability to sense things through the power of the mind, rather than through the five traditional physical senses. Some people believe in the reality of psi phenomena because parapsychologists areRead MoreIntervention With Informal Caregivers Of Hospice Patients1031 Words   |  5 Pagesparticipants who were given the PSI seemed to improve in both QOL and anxiety, the sample size was too small to make the findings statistically significant. Whereas the EBT study had 160 participants, making their findings more statistically significant than the PSI study. Furthermore, the EBT study showed not only immediate improvements of QOL and psychological distress but also proved long-term effects. The lack of measurement of long term effects is a limitation of the PSI study. Demiris et al. couldRead MorePre Sentence Investigation ( Psi )832 Words   |  4 PagesPre-Sentence Investigation (PSI) are done in criminal cases and used to assist the Court in getting a clear picture of the defendant as possible so there can be a fair sentencing hearing. As the probation officer assigned to the offender s case the PSI will be used to make an initial assessment of needs and risks. Pursuant to Rule 32 of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure the PSI Report should contain the following: (A) identify all applicable guidelines and policy statements of the SentencingRead MoreCase Analysis : Deflategate Scandal1458 Words   |  6 PagesKevin Lane The â€Å"Deflategate† scandal is a case that involves the four time superbowl championship team, the New England Patriots, and their potential hall of fame quarterback, Tom Brady. Tom Brady and the New England Patriots were accused of allegedly tampering with the game footballs used in the AFC Championship Game against the Indianapolis Colts in the 2015 season. In this game, the Patriots defeated the Colts 45-7 and went on to to defeat the Seattle Seahawks 28-24 in the 2015 Superbowl. ManyRead MoreCase Analysis - Veterans Health Administration: Nsqip Program808 Words   |  4 PagesCase Analysis Veterans Health Administration: NSQIP Program Lora K. Jackson Keller Graduate School of Management IS66 July 16, 2011 Case Analysis - Veterans Health Administration: NSQIP Program Purpose of Study â€Å"The Veterans Health Administration: NSQIP Program† (Ball, Weaver, Kiel; 2004) was a physician-driven comparison study initiated by senior surgeons between 1991 and 1997, in which mortality and morbidity rates were â€Å"risk adjusted and compared to observed-to-expected ratios†Read MoreHome Worksss1065 Words   |  5 Pageselastic linear region of the 20ï‚ °C curve, which is The value range cited in Table 7.1 is 2.24 to 3.24 GPa (325,000 to 470,000 psi). Thus, the plotted value is a little on the high side. The tensile strength corresponds to the stress at which the curve ends, which is 52 MPa (7500 psi). This value lies within the range cited in Table 7.2—48.3 to 72.4 MPa (7000 to 10,500 psi). 7.66 On the basis of the curves in Figure 7.26, sketch schematic strain–time plots for the following polystyrene materials

Push V Pull Strategy free essay sample

The interface between these stages is called the push-pull boundary or decoupling point. Push strategy Another meaning of the push strategy in marketing can be found in the communication between seller and buyer. In dependence of the used medium, the communication can be either interactive or non-interactive. For example, if the seller makes his promotion by television or radio, its not possible for the buyer to interact with. On the other hand, if the communication is made by phone or internet, the buyer has possibilities to interact with the seller.In the first case information is just pushed toward the buyer, while in the second case it is possible for the buyer to demand the needed information according to his requirements. Applied to that portion of the supply chain where demand uncertainty is relatively small Production ; distribution decisions are based on long term forecasts Based on past orders received from retailer’s warehouse (may lead to Bullwhip effect) Inability to meet changing demand patterns Large and variable production batches Unacceptable service levelsExcessive inventories due to the need for large safety stocks less expenditure on advertising than pull strategy [edit] Pull strategy In a marketing pull system the consumer requests the product and pulls it through the delivery channel. We will write a custom essay sample on Push V Pull Strategy or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page An example of this is the car manufacturing company Ford Australia. Ford Australia only produces cars when they have been ordered by the customers. Applied to that portion of the supply chain where demand uncertainty is high Production and distribution are demand driven No inventory, response to specific ordersPoint of sale (POS) data comes in handy when shared with supply chain partners Decrease in lead time Difficult to implement [edit] Supply chains Main article: Supply chain management With a push-based supply chain, products are pushed through the channel, from the production side up to the retailer. The manufacturer sets production at a level in accord with historical ordering patterns from retailers. It takes longer for a push-based supply chain to respond to changes in demand, which can result in overstocking or bottlenecks and delays (the bullwhip effect), unacceptable service levels and product obsolescence.In a pull-based supply chain, procurement, production and distri bution are demand-driven rather than to forecast. However, a pull strategy does not always require make-to-order production. Toyota Motors Manufacturing is frequently used as an example of pull production, yet do not typically produce to order. They follow the supermarket model where limited inventory is kept on hand and is replenished as it is consumed.

Musical Features of Mahlers III Symphony

Introduction The third symphony by Mahler is recognized as one of his longest and most amazing works. The third symphony implements the composer’s aesthetical views concerning the structure, contour, tune and acoustic material of musical works and combines the influence of Nietzsche’s philosophical framework with Mahler’s reconsideration of religious imagery.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Musical Features of Mahler’s III Symphony specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The third symphony amazingly combines the conventional musical features and original experiments with the form and content. On the one hand, Mahler used traditional patterns for the movements of his works. On the other hand, the prolonged time periods reduce the impact of the listeners’ formal expectations and shift the emphasis towards the musical content of the symphony. The unexpected contrasts between the acoustic materials within the same movement added special appeal to the symphony without destructing its integrity. Mahler’s outstanding sense of form allowed him to conduct these experiments without fear of destroying the inner working of his composition. He considered the structure of a musical work as a separate universe with complicated inner relations between its segments. On the other hand, the interpretation of Mahler’s works is impossible without taking into consideration the cultural, philosophical and historical contexts of his epoch. Taking into account the amount of quotations and allusions in the third symphony, it can be stated that this musical work should be viewed not only in its integrity but also within the variety of related contexts. Along with aesthetical value of the musical composition and acoustic material, Mahler’s third symphony can be regarded as a cross road of trends, while each of its six movements are intended to communicate the composer ’s philosophical messages to the listeners. Musical composition of the third symphony Written between 1893 and 1896, Mahler’s third symphony is recognized as one of the longest ever written musical compositions due to about one hundred minutes with typical performance. The author’s initial intention was to compose this symphony out of 7 movements which changed up to the moment of the symphony completion, and the final version consists of six movements. The first movement typically lasts for about thirty minutes and can be regarded as the first part of the whole symphony. The second part consisting of the remained five movements has duration of up to seventy minutes.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Initially, the symphony was accompanied with a program intended to clarify the inner working of the composition and communicate the composer’s philosophical messages to the listeners. Though Mahler withdrew this program afterwards, it is valuable for getting insight into the architecture of the composition and the role and symbolical meaning of each movement. Entitled as Ein Sommermorgenstraum (German for A Summer Morning’s Dream), the third symphony had appropriate titles for each of its movements. Thus, the first movement bore the title Summer Marches In, while What the Flowers and Meadows Tell Me, What the Animals of the Forest Tell Me, What the Night Tells Me, What the Morning Bells Tell Me and What Love Tells Me were the titles for the second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth movements accordingly (Niekerk 201). Through the analysis of these titles, it can be stated that in contrast to traditional symphonies patterns, the structure of the composition under consideration is not cyclic, but rather progressive depicting a musical journey through the symphony universe. The peculiarities of the composition can be regarded as sp ecific structural device affecting the listeners’ perception of the musical themes in general. The six seemingly disjointed movements in fact belong together and are united by complex inner relationships. The opening movement entitled as Summer Marches In represents an unconventionally slow introduction. The sounds of the eight unison horns intertwined with the outcroppings of recitative contrast to the main violin solo which resembles the spring-like life force. Later on in this movement, this life force is developed into the traditional march. A pastoral episode with its twittering incorporated into this movement adds some special appeal and produces the impression of a double development section. The opening movement with all its contrasting components introduces the listeners into the universe of Mahler’s symphony.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Musical Features of Mahler’s III Symphony specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The title of the second movement (What the Flowers and Meadows Tell Me) is aligned with its form. The dainty minuet was appropriate for representing vegetable nature of the discussed processes in nature. This elegant and essentially static form of minuet follows the ABABA pattern and makes this movement ever-changing similar to summer nature. The third movement entitled as What the Animals of the Forest Tell Me uses a scherzo bustling for rendering the animal sounds. The main allegro of this movement uses the song Absolung im Sommer as its main theme. Listening to this section, the audience is expected to imagine the dead Cuckoo contrasting to the joy of life in the rest of the animals which is subdued only with the shadow of a man beyond the horizon. The sounds at the end of this movement reveal the animals’ fear which first makes the sounds still, but then unexpectedly ends with final eruption. In contrast to the three first movements, th e fourth one entitled as What the Night Tells Me lacks activity. At first it may seem that the stirrings bring the listeners back to the opening of the symphony, but this impression is delusional. This time the stirrings convey the meaning of warning the man and reveal not the birth of life but rather the birth of intellect. The musical content of the fifth movement was intended to answer the main question What the Morning Bells Tell Me. Juxtaposing the sacred and profane motives in this movement, Mahler emphasizes this contrast for expressing his controversial religious feelings. The bell sounds intoned by children reproduce the Angels’ song about the Last Supper. The climax included into this movement appears to be momentarily threatening though does not keep the listeners under pressure too long. After the imaginary storm cloud passes away, the climax is replaced with the joyous singing which is followed by silence. What Love Tells Me as the title of the sixth movement ex plains the overall tension as the dominating pattern within this part. Composed from a set of variations, the sixth movement builds up the volcanic pressure and expresses love in all its beauty at the same time. The intertwining melody unites the blocks of the sixth movement with a single theme and intensifies the cumulative dramatic impact.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Regardless of the relative disparity between the moods, structures and colors of the six movements, as a whole, they exhibit exceptional structural unity as it is expected from a traditional symphony. Peculiarities of the form Though most Mahler’s symphonies follow conventional patterns, the peculiarities of the form and the manipulation of the structures can be regarded as a separate musical device adding special appeal to compositions. To begin with, all opening movements of Mahler’s symphonies are based on sonata form. Regarding the massive first movement of the third symphony, the composer admitted that it had â€Å"the same scaffolding and construction†¦as found in Mozart and, expanded and exalted, in Beethoven, but which were actually created by the venerable Haydn† (Freeze 188). However, as to the first movement of the third symphony, the difficulties with defining its form cam be explained with its huge size. The gigantic proportions caused the di fficulties with making the form of the whole piece apparent to the listeners. For the purpose of preserving the effect of the conventional form, Mahler highlighted the structural divisions through eliminating transitions between the sections and incorporating the musical gestures into the movements’ structure. Another characteristic feature of the third symphony is the implementation of the rotational form. The rotational form can be defined as the organizational principle based upon the repetition of certain motives. The first set of motives comprises a cycle which is repeated for producing the impression of rotation. The radical independence between the theme groups is a peculiar feature of the third symphony. Regardless of the stability within the basic sequence, separate motives can be based upon any developmental patterns. The flexibility of the symphony framework allows allotting structural significance to the most distinctive motives. The large proportions used in the third symphony make the role of the listeners’ formal expectations insignificant. Reducing the role of the background knowledge for the subjective perception of the aesthetics of the symphony, the time scales emphasize the importance of the mutual relations between idioms and sounds. â€Å"Mahler gives them unprecedented structural significance: the primary structural marker is idiom† (Freeze 193). With the climax episodes integrated into the structure of most movements, they can seem as separate complete pieces. However, the detailed analysis of their structural composition allows defining the transition segments which play an important role in establishing the integrity of the whole symphony. Thus, disregarding the conventionality of the implemented form, the structural composition of Mahler’s third symphony can be regarded as a separate musical feature. Apart from structural significance of particular distinctive motives, the time scales reduce the importan ce of the listeners’ formal expectations and background knowledge. Based on conventional patterns, the rotational cycle, the complex structure and the variety of musical gestures intensify the listeners’ impression from the musical composition, making the modified for, and the correlation between the sounds and idioms an impressive musical device. Characteristics of acoustic material The acoustic material used by Mahler in the third symphony extends the traditional patterns dictated by orchestra. As it has been mentioned above, particular distinctive motives, such as booming drum motives from the first movement, for example, have become structurally significant features of the whole composition. Increasing the coloring of his symphony, Mahler upsets the orchestra balance, crossing the traditional boundaries of classicism. Mahler’s genius sense of the form allowed him conducting experiments with the structure, manipulating the acoustic material at his discretion and emphasizing the individual voices at the expense of the total sound without reducing the aesthetic value of his works. In a standard situation, Mahler can afford himself placing a prolonged upper-voice melody, creating contrasting extremes. Despite all the conventional limitations, Mahler combines unbroken upper-voice melody with other elements tough these contrasts were not essential for the overall composition. Mahler’s peculiar attitude towards the form can be explained with not only his position of innovator, but also his views concerning the inappropriateness of symmetrical relationships to musical themes. Regarding the works of art as separate universes with their unique internal processes and rules, Mahler takes into consideration the impact of the time and space parameters while working on the third symphony. The discovery of the beautiful coloring of the trombone solo can be considered as an important Mahler’s contribution to the overall musical aesthet ics of his epoch. The contrast between the solo trombones and the chorale produced the effect of the deliberated sounds which however were valuable for expressing the main idea of a particular movement. Disregarding the misbalance between the chorale and the unexpected solos, the musical content of the movements corresponds to the listeners’ expectations as perceived from the movement titles. Thus, the third symphony has become Mahler’s first experiment with solo trombones which made a significant contribution to the overall coloring of the whole musical composition. Mahler’s nonconventional approach to pauses and rhythm is another significant feature of the acoustic material deserving serious consideration. The rhythm and the over-long pauses are meant to reinforce the overall impression from the melodies and motives. The pauses within the third symphony are frequently defined as prose-like and can be regarded as meaningful. In general, Mahler’s unique sense of the form predetermined the success of his experiments with the extension of the classical boundaries, combination of the sounds which previously were regarded as incompatible and the prominence of particular solos. The unconventional treatment of the acoustic material increased the overall coloring of the third symphony and became a contribution to the musical aesthetic of the early twentieth century. Nietzche’s influence reflected in musical features Along with the German Romanticism and particularly its notion of a new mythology, Nietzsche’s philosophical theories have become an important source of inspiration for Mahler in composing his third symphony. Particular instances of Nietzsche’s influence can be found within the musical features of this work of art. While some theoreticians call Nietzsche the key figure in Mahler’s intellectual development in general, the evidence that the composer was under the influence of the great philosopher whil e working on his third symphony can be found in the musical features of the musical work itself. â€Å"Mahler is said to have read Nietzsche particularly intensively during the composition period for the Third† (Niekerk 207). Apart from the choice of the title of Die Frohliche Wissenschaft for the symphony as the direct reference to the philosopher’s work, the choice of the main themes and motives developed in the symphony under consideration can be regarded as the results of the Nietzsche’s influence on Mahler’s views and aesthetical sense. Analyzing the representation of the idea of community within the third symphony, it can be stated that it is not limited to the humanity dimension, but is rather extended to the exploration of all levels of nature for defining the people’s place within it. A similar framework for applying the community concept to the rest of the universe can be found in Nietzsche’s theories. In that regard, it can be stated that the six movements of the third symphony represent Mahler’s view of the hierarchical order of nature. Analyzing the author’s programmatic notes for the symphony, each movement of the symphony can be interpreted as a walk within a particular hierarchical level of nature. The first movements of the symphony represent the nature’s ability to produce the sounds without the human interference. Mahler uses special acoustic and structural devices for showing the effect of the man’s appearance in the world of nature and animals’ reaction to it. The use of the religious imagery in the fifth movement of the third symphony can be regarded as another instance of the philosopher’s influence upon the composer. Thus, the profound philosophical basis and effects of Nietzsche’s influence can be found behind the programmatic notes, main themes and motives developed within Mahler’s third symphony. The themes of the hierarchical order of nature and the relations between the nature and the human world along with Mahler’s subjective representation of the religious imagery are the main philosophical underpinnings of the third symphony which can be regarded as the reflection of Nietzsche’s influence upon Mahler’s views in general and the aesthetics of the third symphony in particular. The Christian joy replacing the quest for eternity Regardless of the evident influence of Nietzsche’s works upon the motives and even composition of the third symphony, Mahler has extended the frames of the philosopher’s framework, particularly through replacing Nietzsche’s idea of the quest for eternity with the motives of Christian joy. The crossroads of different traditions can be found within the symphony’s composition, namely at the juncture between the different song themes (Knapp 152). The motive of the bell rings which was introduced at the first movement obtains a growing signifi cance within the following movements and can be regarded as an indicator of the Christian motives in the third symphony. The title of the fifth movement which according to various interpretations can be translated as What the Morning Bells Tell Me or What the Angels Tell Me contains the main religious imagery of the whole symphony. The rhythm and contour of this movement as well as the bell rings are supposed to express the author’s attitude towards the musical interpretation of the religious motives. Analyzing the dominating mood of this movement, it can be stated that the implemented patterns and contrasts within the acoustic material were intended to communicate the idea of Christian joy as opposed to the quest for eternity propagated by Nietzsche. The cheerful tone of this movement can be explained with the 17th century church hymn which was put into its basis (Knapp 156). The old hymn was focused on the redemption of sins and the relief which can be found in religion. These themes of finding the relief in religious beliefs were borrowed by Mahler for his third symphony and predetermined the composition and the dominating tune of the fifth movement. The children’s choir imitating the bells was accompanied by the female solo and added special appeal to the instrumental solo. In general, the fifth movement of the third symphony can be regarded as the crossroad between Nietzsche’s philosophical ideas, the church hymns of the 17th century and the motive of Christian joy replacing the idea of questing for eternity. Combining the elements of the church song, children’s and female choirs, the composer achieves the effect of the cheerful tune dominating within the movement and reflects the religious imagery of Christian joy. Allusions and quotations in the third symphony The analysis of the symphony under consideration is impossible without proper consideration of the philosophical and socio-cultural context of the epoch within whi ch the third symphony was created. In that regard, along with the analysis of separate movements, the internal links between various segments of the symphony as well as the stylistic allusions and quotations from other works need to be taken into account for defining the overall aesthetic value of the third symphony in its complexity. The tail motive of the second movement can be found in the fourth and second movements, while the tail motive of the first movement is not repeated. This simple melodic and rhythmic contour contributes to the overall integrity of the third symphony though the same motives can receive different interpretation due to the surrounding elements. Thus, the tail motive of the second movement obtains a different sounding within the context of the fourth and sixth movement. On the other hand, this quotation appeals to the listeners’ feelings for creating the associations with the prior movements and reinterpreting the acoustic material in accordance wi th the new musical content. Thus, the internal relationships between the different segments of the symphony and the incorporation of specific quotations of motives into the succeeding movements emphasize the overall integrity of the work of art, contribute to the listeners’ overall impression and demonstrate how the same material can change its sounding and meaning due to the musical context. Regarding the musical allusions, it can be stated that Mahler’s third symphony contains allusions to military marches and operetta which are recognized by the listeners in the whole composition and cannot be underestimated. The use of the military marches for depicting the nature processes required proper consideration of the programmatic notes for avoiding the misinterpretation of the composer’s messages and intentions. Though most marches used by Mahler are deformed, their military connotation is obvious and contributes to the general mood of the symphony. To emphasize the military allusions, Mahler uses trumpets, cymbals and bass drum for creating the military associations in the audience. Operetta music became another significant source for the allusions incorporated into the symphony under consideration and intertwined with marches. It is significant that for creating the allusions from the light marches of operetta, Mahler uses mostly instruments which are not traditional for the Austrian military band, namely flutes, cellos, oboes, timpani, triangle and others which can be explained with the composer’s intention of creating the contrasts and making certain themes distinctive and structurally significant. The use of quotations for creating the links between the various parts of the symphony allowed emphasizing the integrity of its compositions and involving the listeners into the process of active interpretation of the music contours and structures. Along with the internal links between the different segments of the symphony and its inner working, the allusions from the military marches and operetta music have become a delicate touch contributing additional opportunities for interpreting the musical content of separate movements and the third symphony in general. Conclusion In general, it can be concluded that every element in the structure of Mahler’s third symphony, its acoustic material and movements can be regarded as meaningful and conveying not only author’s aesthetical views, but also his philosophical ideas, mostly drawn from Nietzsche’s heritage, but partially reconsidering the philosopher’s assumptions. The combination of conventional structural patterns and original musical gestures allowed creating an unprecedented mix of tradition and innovation within the patterns used in a musical work. Treating the composition of his third symphony as a separate universe, Mahler afforded himself to create contrasts of acoustic materials and incorporate unexpected musical gestures whi ch surprisingly did not destroy the overall integrity of the symphony. The programmatic notes for the six movements of the symphony convey Mahler’s philosophical ideas which were put into the basis of the work. The beauty of nature, the relations between the animal and humane worlds, the death and relief which can be found in religious beliefs are only some of the motives developed in the symphony. Taking into account the allusions from military marches and operetta music incorporated into the movements, the programmatic notes are essential for preventing the misinterpretation of the author’s intentions and meaning of particular elements of composition. As a combination of musical traditions and philosophical frameworks, Mahler’s composition of the third symphony can be recognized as a significant and influential event in the history of music. Extending the conventional patterns, incorporating the unexpected musical gestures and conducting experiments with cho irs, contours and tunes, Mahler managed to express his philosophical ideas and preserve the integrity of the whole work. Reconsidering the traditional formal and philosophical frameworks while working on his third symphony, Mahler created a separate universe with its inner processes and cannons which was one step ahead of his epoch but cannot be analyzed without considering its historical context. Works Cited Freeze, Timothy. â€Å"Gustav Mahler’s Third Symphony: Program, Reception, and Evocations†. The University of Michigan, 2010. Web. Knapp, Raymond. Symphonic Metamorphoses: Subjectivity and Alienation in Mahler’s Re-Cycled Songs. Wesleyan University Press, 2003. Print. Niekerk, Carl. â€Å"Mahler contra Wagner: The Philosophical Legacy of Romanticism in Mahler’s Third and Fourth Symphonies†. German Quarterly, Spring 2004, 77(2): 118-209. Print. This essay on Musical Features of Mahler’s III Symphony was written and submitted by user Karma Hutchinson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Weather and Folklore of Altocumulus Clouds

The Weather and Folklore of Altocumulus Clouds An altocumulus cloud is a middle-level cloud that lives between 6,500 to 20,00 feet above ground and is made of water. Its name comes from the Latin Altus meaning high Cumulus meaning heaped. Altocumulus clouds are of the stratocumuliform cloud family (physical form) and are one of the 10 basic cloud types. There are four species of cloud underneath the altocumulus genus: altocumulus lenticularis (stationary lens-shaped clouds that are often mistaken for UFOs)altocumulus castellanus (altocumulus with tower-like sproutings that billow upwards)altocumulus stratiformis (altocumulus in sheets or relatively flat patches)altocumulus floccus (altocumulus with scattered tufts and fringy lower parts) The abbreviation for altocumulus clouds is (Ac). Cotton Balls in the Sky Altocumulus are commonly seen on warm spring and summer mornings. Theyre some of the simplest clouds to identify, especially since they look like balls of cotton stuck into the blue background of the sky. Theyre often white or gray in color and are arranged in patches of wavy, rounded masses or rolls. Altocumulus clouds are often called sheepback or mackerel sky because they resemble the wool of sheep and scales of mackerel fish. Bellwethers of Bad Weather Altocumulus clouds that appear on a clear humid morning can indicate the development of thunderstorms later in the day. Thats because altocumulus clouds often precede cold fronts of low-pressure systems. As such, they also sometimes signal the onset of cooler temperatures. While they are not clouds from which precipitation falls, their presence signals convection and instability at mid-levels of the troposphere. Altocumulus in Weather Folklore Mackerel sky, mackerel sky. Never long wet and never long dry.Mackerel scales and mares tails make lofty ships carry low sails. If youre a fan of weather folklore, youve likely heard the above sayings, both of which are true. The first piece of lore warns that if altocumulus clouds are seen and air pressure begins to fall, the weather wont be dry for much longer because it may start raining within 6 hours time. But once the rain does come, it wont be wet for long because as the warm front passes, so too will the precipitation. The second rhyme warns ships to lower and take in their sails for the same reason; a storm may be approaching soon and the sails should be lowered to protect them from the accompanying high winds.

How did the Christian Church contribute to the development o essays

How did the Christian Church contribute to the development o essays Today, Spain is one of the most influential countries in Europe. It is a country that is portrayed as being strong, sophisticated and stable. However, Spain's past and the route in which the country has taken to be where it is now were shaped hugely in the medieval ages. During the medieval ages Iberians experienced great change in with the transformation of Iberia from that of an Islamic culture to one based upon Christianity. Iberian culture fluctuated greatly during the medieval ages and the contrasting lifestyles of the Christians and the Moors led to an interesting mix in terms of society. Most aspects of society changed during this period, though the period in which the moors governed the area has also left some reminders of the time which are still in evidence nowadays. One of the main aspects of society that the Christian Church decided to improve was the education system. The Christian Church observed that the present education system was ineffective largely due to the neglecting of that system by the Moors during Iberia's uncultured past. Initially, much attention was given to the problems of education. The improvements which took place included the creation of schools in the most highly populated Christian areas. Most of these improvements to the education system took place during the 13th century. Municipal schools, cathedral schools and Universities were built. Through this avenue the change to Christianity was strengthened by the introduction of lecturers from Italy and France; both Christian nations. There were also improvements in the field of health care again occurring in the 13th century. The hospital movement, in which many health facilities were created, was in full flow during this century. As a result, the region of Castille benefited by the establishment of many hospitals and leprosarium. Nine hospitals and hospices were erected in Barcelona (including one which cared for abandoned children) and eleven ho ...

Analysis of Robert Hass's Meditation at Lagunitas Essay

Analysis of Robert Hass's Meditation at Lagunitas - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that Robert Hass is known to have spent much of his life residing in the ‘Lagunitas’, a rural town in Northern California, where beautiful forests, lakes, and green grass thrive and most   importantly, it reserves the spot for the wildly growing blackberries which Hass makes reference to in the poem. Hence, the poet can be imagined to be taking a stride along paths surrounded by the scenic wonders in Lagunitas at which he might have found delight in meditating and composing poems altogether. As Hass speaks of the ‘clown-faced woodpecker’ and the ‘black birch’ in the 5th and 6th lines, the curious reader may readily suppose that these details appear specific as they are in association to the place, in the same way, the author may have held a special regard for Lagunitas being a particular setting. Since the poet is claimed to have sought inclinations with an Oriental school of thinking, the meditation carried out through his poem may be thought to derive influence in part from Hass’s religious endeavor with Buddhism and Hinduism. By the first and second lines, the poet necessitates introducing the piece by alluding that there exists loss as language fails with proper expression in â€Å"the new thinking†. A â€Å"clown- / faced woodpecker probing the dead sculpted trunk / of that black birch† is a metaphor for his quest for a more suitable expression and eloquence. The act of â€Å"probing the dead sculpted trunk† provides an imagery for such theme, justifying the fact that the struggle to find an exact identity with words is as painstaking as it gets in the process. At a point, saying â€Å"a word is an elegy to what it signifies† blends of tragedy with occasional beauty especially as the writer testifies to the truth about his friend’s voice in the 13th line where it possesses â€Å"a thin wire of grief†. This tonal conflict ind icates how at times, poetic potentials may be limited by the approach and narrow scope of language the complexity of which is normally understood on a gradual basis. The General vs. The Particular Hass appears to be utilizing irony in the rather Platonic concept which distinguishes the unique worldly elements and the words that represent a uniform ideal. Such application of Platonic thought supports the first two lines as it vividly depicts the proof that general philosophical ideas can be clear but are practically useless while personal experience counts in developing conveyable philosophical thought. Despite this, the narrator sounds appreciative with â€Å"the luminous clarity of a general idea† even though the intricacy in specifics removes its original essence. Close It is seemingly through the lamenting about â€Å"loss† that words along with the human experiences bound to which as well as the ability to recount them, lose their intended significance. The signifi cance of the Blackberry On the second half of ‘Meditation at Lagunitas’, the poet diverts his path of discourse from the notion of the general to the certain ensuing splendor which bears another subject of particular value. Brought by the transition stating that â€Å"everything dissolves: justice, pine, hair, woman, you and I†, the term ‘woman’ which gets mentioned twice in the 16th line constitutes softness in thought as if Hass chooses to mellow from the former mode of heavy meditation.

Applying Bradshaws model of river characteristics to the Barranco Del Essay

Applying Bradshaws model of river characteristics to the Barranco Del Rio, Tenerife. With the focus on the impact of landslides - Essay Example in the introductory parts of the paper for the better understanding of what will be discussed and linked with the hypothesis as well as the Bradshadow model (Arthur, 2007, page 391). The methodology used in the study has included the designs, the various equipments used in testing and experimenting as well as measuring, and the instruments. This study is therefore aimed at determining the drinks’ possible effects. It is also important to highlight that this paper has specified coherently the procedures and the results of the study. The study has been summarized with a clear conclusion. It is therefore important to highlight that the report is therefore quite detailed with the facts that were collected and the truths about Tenerife (Christine, 2001, page 281). It is important to highlight that this paper delves in the discussion of the Application of Bradshaw’s model of river characteristics to the Barranko Del Rio, Tenerife. The paper as well focuses on the impact of landslides. In the paper, there will be various diagrams that illustrate the various stages at the distinctive stages of the river. This is a report of a fieldtrip undertaken to Tenerife where variables of Bradshaw’s Model of River Characteristics were tested on a Barranko (river valley), focusing on the hypotheses that are listed below (Donald, 2008, page 518). Tenerife Island has a land of 2034.38Km2, the most densely populate is and in Spain. This as well makes it to be the largest island of the Canary Islands archipelago. It is important to highlight that it is one of the Canary Islands. It is connected using two airports that well developed for the enhancement of the accessibility of the island. These are the Tenerife north airport and the Tenerife south airport. The island was formed due to volcanic eruption and nearly visited by above 10 million tourists every year because of the scenic beauty in the island. The soils I this area are therefore the permeable volcanic type of soils that

Ancient Commerce in China Essay Example for Free

Ancient Commerce in China Essay 1- The route The Silk Road, or Silk Route, is the most famous and important historically trading route of ancient Chinese civilization. This historical network of interlinking, with more than 4000 miles, between East, South, Western Asia with the Mediterranean and European world, as well as parts of North and East Africa began to be used under the Han Dynasty (202 BC – AD 220). Originally, the Chinese trade silk occurred internally within the empire, but the caravans were often attacked by central Asian tribes, hoping to find some valuable commodities. In order to protect these caravans, the Han Dynasty extended its military defenses further into Central Asia. Later came the idea to expand the silk trade to central Asia. Silk Road extension: The land routes are red, and the water routes are blue Source: http://en.wikipedia.org 2- Name and Purpose The Silk Road gets its name from the lucrative Chinese silk trade that was the major reason to sustain the route for so wide area. Some scholars prefer the term â€Å"Silk Routes† because of the several network of routes existed there. Trading silk was not the only purpose of the Silk Road, many other commodities were also traded. In addition to silk the route carried other precious goods like gold and other precious metals, ivory, precious stones and glass, exotic animals and plants were trade as well. Indeed the silk was the most remarkable goods, mainly among the Romans, it became very popular in Rome for its soft texture and attractiveness making the Romans sees the route mainly as a Silk Route. Although this fact, the name â€Å"Silk Road† originated in the nineteenth century, coined by the German scholar, von Richthofen. 3- Routes The intercontinental Silk Road had two different overland routes bypassing the Taklimakan Desert and Lop Nur. The northern route started at Changan (now called Xian), the capital of the ancient Chinese Kingdom, which, in the Later Han, was moved further east to Luoyang. The route was defined about the 1st century BCE as Han Wudi put an end to harassment by nomadic tribes The southern route was mainly a single route running from China, through the Karakoram, where it persists to modern times as the international paved road connecting Pakistan and China as the Karakoram Highway. It then set off westwards, but with southward spurs enabling the journey to be completed by sea from various points. Crossing the high mountains, it passed through northern Pakistan, over the Hindu Kush mountains, and into Afghanistan, rejoining the northern route near Merv. From there, it followed a nearly straight line west through mountainous northern Iran, Mesopotamia and the northern tip of the Syrian Desert to the Levant, where Mediterranean trading ships plied regular routes to Italy, while land routes went either north through Anatolia or south to North Africa. Another branch road traveled from Herat through Susa to Charax Spasinu at the head of the Persian Gulf and across to Petra and on to Alexandria and other eastern Mediterranean ports from where ships carried the cargoes to Rome. The Silk Road in the 1st century Source: http://en.wikipedia.org 4- Mongol Age In central Asia, Islam expanded from the 7th century onward, bringing a stop to Chinese westward expansion at the Battle of Talas in 751. Further expansion of the Islamic Turks in Central Asia from the 10th century finished disrupting trade in that part of the world. For a long time during the Middle Ages, the Islamic Caliphate often had a monopoly over much of the trade conducted across the route. Under the command of Genghis Khan, the Mongol Empire rapidly proceeded to conquer a huge region of Asia, the Mongol expansion throughout the Asian continent from around 1207 to 1360 helped to bring political and stability and re-establish the Silk Road. The partial unification of so many states under the Mongol Empire allowed a significant interaction between cultures of different regions. The trading started to happen again and the route became important as path for communication between different parts of the Empire once more. The Mongols, in general, were more open to ideas, more sympathetic to different religions and nationalities promoting the trading. Around 1288, the Venetian explorer Marco Polo became one of the first Europeans to travel the Silk Road to China, he was not the first, however, the most well known and best documented visitor. In his tales, The Travels of Marco Polo, he describes the way of life in the cities and small kingdoms through which his party passed, with particular interest on the trade and marriage customs, opening the western eyes to some of the customs of the Far East. 5- The Peak, Decline and the Sea Route In seventh century, the Silk Route had its height of importance at this time during the Tang dynasty China was a living a relative stability after the divisions of the earlier dynasties since the Han. The art and civilization of the Silk Road achieved its highest poin in the Tang Dynasty. Changan, as the starting point of the route, as well as the capital of the dynasty, developed into one of the largest and most cosmopolitan cities of the time. By 742 A.D its population reached almost two million people and in 754 A.D it had around five thousand foreigners living in the city. During the Mongol Empire as mentioned before, the route established a new good period but despite the presence of the Mongols, the route never reached the heights that it did in the Tang dynasty. Furthermore, with the disintegration of the Mongol empire, that was fairly short-lived, the barriers rose again on the land route between East and West. After the Mongol Empire, the control of the Silk Road became economically and culturally separated. The demise of the Silk Road developed the Silk Route by sea at that time it was becoming easier and safer to transport goods by water than overland (Later however, the sea route suffered a lot of problems like bad weather and pirates). Beside this the sea route passed by promising new markets in Southern Asia at that time. The commerce with China and Asia at that time was very profitable and this situation is significantly important in explaining several factors about the present economy. It was the main driving factor for the Portuguese, and later Europeans, explorations of the Indian Ocean, including the sea of China. 6- Nowadays The last link along the Silk Road was completed in 1990, when the railway connecting Lanzhou to Urumchi was extended to the border with Kazakhstan, providing an important route to the new republics and beyond. Beside this the trade route itself is also being reopened, trading between the peoples of Xinjiang and Russia has developed quickly. The new republics in Central Asia have been contributing much of the heavy industry of the region. Trade with China has also utilized the route it was encouraged by the socialist market economy and its benefits to the market. 7- Conclusion The Silk Road played a key role in the development of the ancient economy in Asia, especially in China, In China it was the main responsible to significantly increase the number of foreign merchants present in China under the Han Dynasty and exposing the Chinese and visitors to their country to different cultures and religions. Buddhism spread from India to China because of trade along the Silk Route. This route was very important in foreign trade, during all history of civilization in the last 1200 years, placing China and India, and all East Asia, in a major role for contact with the western world in a time when this region was isolated by deserts and oceans. During the Mongol Empire, based on the Mongol’s idea of liberty about different religions and cultures, once more, the route had a very important role in the foreign trade and culture exchange between Asia countries and some countries of Europe and Africa as well. Later, the great population and the varieties of products attracted the European interest (economic center of the world at that time), by sea several expeditions in order to explore the commerce in that region change the course of the world, affecting the Americas and Africa as well Asia, being decisive in the current political, economic and social aspects of several countries in these continents.

Free Essays: The Youth of Red Badge of Courage and Youth of Today :: Red Badge Courage Essays

Youth of Red Badge of Courage and Youth of Today As a young member of today’s society, I don’t fear death. If I did fear death, I would be "dead." There are so many sources of death today, like car wrecks, shootings, drugs, and diseases that if I was constantly afraid of all of them, I couldn’t leave my own backyard. Therefore, I refuse to believe that death will happen to me. In the novel The Red Badge of Courage, by Stephen Crane, the 19th century youth, like youths of today, is unafraid of death, but his reasoning is different, so he actually welcomes death. The average youth of today isn’t afraid of death because it seems to happen to other people. Death is distant. Every day, we read about people being killed in this or drowned in that but it never happens to someone we know. If someone we know does die, we are shocked and forced to reconsider our lives because, for an instant, we realize that we could die as well. Unlike us, the youth in The Red Badge of Courage knows about death first hand, and he is unafraid. When the youth was young, his father died. Through the novel, the youth is fighting in the bloodiest war on American soil and the war that caused the most casualties per capita of any U.S. war. He has seen corpses and walked with dying men. He was trying to help one of his injured friends when his friend died convulsively. Earlier in his experiences, especially when he first encountered fighting, he was immensely afraid of death, so afraid that he ran away from battle. During the passage, and later in the novel, he knows that he could die at any time but he is unapprehensive. When death does strike a loved one, I feel that it is unfair. "Why," I ask, " Did granny have to die? She was such a kind old woman. Why couldn’t some bum have died instead?" I didn’t want her to die and I feel like she was undeserving of death. Likewise, the youth feels like death is unfair but in just the opposite way. He wishes that death would not fall on the Unknown Soldier, but would fall on him. Like us, he sees death as brought on by luck and being unfair, but unlike us, during this passage, he thinks that death is lucky.

Civil rights DBQ Essay

Teakolya Gibson May 29, 2014 MS 390 805 Civil Rights DBQ Essay The civil rights movement was a time period that can be defined as a large popular movement to secure for African Americans equal access to and opportunities for the basic privileges and rights of U.S. citizenship. The roots of the civil rights movement go back to the 19th century; the movement was addressed in the 1950s and 1960s. African American men and women, also whites, organized and led the movement at national and local levels. They pursued their goals through legal means, negotiations, petitions, and nonviolent protest demonstrations. The largest social movement of the 20th century, the civil rights movement influenced the modern women’s rights movement and the student movement of the 1960s. In public schools African Americans faced inequality in their learning experience. According to the document the inequality Blacks faced were they were not involved as much in school because of their race, even though physical facilities are equal and also other real factors could be equal, the programs deprive children from minority groups of equal educational opportunities. From my understanding of the document, the Supreme Court ruled in favor of Brown and declared that segregation in the public schools was unconstitutional. The situation that led to Rosa Parks getting arrested was on December 1, 1955 is when she refused to give up her seat to a White man because there were no more seats in their area on a Montgomery bus. Methods that African Americans use to deal with the inequality faced by the African Americans in that city were bus boycott, nonviolent protest, passive resistance, and peaceful protest. A method that was used to gain equality is sit-ins, pickets, taking part in a public demonstration, filling up all of the seats in a Restaurant, sitting at the lunch counter, and nonviolent protest. Two goals of the March on Washington in August 1963 were to get jobs (equal employment opportunities), gain decent/acceptable housing, end segregation in Schools, gain more equal rights, increase the number of integrated facilities, end Jim Crow laws, gain voting rights, end police brutality, attain first-class citizenship, get equal restaurant services, receive decent pay, and pass the  FEPC (Fair Employment Practices Committee) law, bring civil rights issues to the attention of the Government, and show Washington that they needed to do something to improve civil rights. There were many methods recommended but W.E.B Du Bois thought that they should fight for their rights and equality. Booker T. Washington believed that they should get an education and work their way up to equality. The major trend in African American voter registration that is shown by the map above is that voting population of African Americans increased after 1965, more African Americans were registered to vote after 1965, more African Americans voted after 1965, more people voted after 1965. The two actions that were taken by the government were in 1964 the twenty-fourth amendment outlaws the pool tax in elections for federal office, and second was in 1965 Voting Rights Act prohibits literacy tests and makes it easier for African Social movement Americans to register to vote. Methods that were recommended to help African Americans achieve equality were nonviolence, nonviolent resistance, use of nonviolence as Jesus did, not one hair of one head of one White person shall be harmed, no harm to White people. African Americans have made gains in racial equality. African Americans still face challenges in areas of equal rights such as economic inequality, economics, African Americans are not getting jobs because of the color of their skin, they are not being paid enough for their labor, jobs, and job Discrimination, making less money than whites, they are still in an economic pit. In conclusion, discrimination is still active in America today. Even after the Civil Rights Movement, a disparity still exists in education, the work place and society. Today, unfortunately, discrimination and social segregation are more evident than it has ever been.

International Journal of Business and Management Essay

As one of the most successful fast food chain in the world, throughout the development of McDonald’s, we could easily identify many successful business strategy implementations. In this paper, I will discuss some critical business strategies, which linked to the company’s structure and external environment. This paper is organized as follows: In the first section, I will give brief introduction to the success of McDonald’s. In the second section, I will analyze some particular strategies used by McDonald’s and how these strategies are suitable to their business structure. I will then analyze why McDonald’s choose these strategies in response to the changing external environment. Finally, I will summarize the approaches used by McDonald’s to achieve their strategic goals. Keywords: Strategy, McDonald’s structure Introduction McDonald’s, originated in California, USA, 1954, has become one of the most recognized and respected brands in the world. The success achieved includes that they have established more than 30,000 franchising stores in 119 countries, serving more than 47 million people each day, and generating about $15 billions revenues annually. McDonald’s also continuously enhances its brand imagine through different social activities and the sponsorship of special events and sports i.e. as a major sponsor of the world cup since 1994 and the Champions League football in England from 1996 to 2000.(www.McDonalds.com) How can McDonald’s achieve such success? There are many formulating strategies, which we could use for our analysis of their recipe of success such as Porter’s competitive strategies model, which includes differentiation and low-cost leadership; or Miles and Snow’s ‘strategy typology’, which defined prospector, defender, analyzer, and reactor strategy. Obviously, it is extremely important for McDonald’s to choose the most appropriate strategy to be successful. From my personal point view, to be an Analyzer is the most suitable strategic position for them to develop their business as a whole especially when they facing an extreme complex continuously changing world. As Miles and Snow defined that â€Å"The analyzer tries to maintain a stable business while innovating on the periphery. It seems to lie midway between the prospector and the defender. Some products will be targeted toward stable environment in which an efficiency strategy designed to keep current customers is used. Others will be targeted toward new, mor e dynamic environment, where growth is possible.† (Richard L.Daft) It is also very important to consider how McDonald’s applies these strategies and how their strategies interact with their business structure and the external environment. 1. How McDonald’s business structure influences its strategy? The McDonald’s business structure is based upon a geographic structure. When log on their website, you will be asked to choose the country that you are interested in. Actually, McDonald’s divided its operations into five geographical divisions. (www.McDonalds.com) International Journal of Business and Management November, 2008 As shown in above pie charts that around 65% of McDonald’s restaurants and approximately 75% of its revenues are generated in the United State and Europe. So, to McDonald’s, the most important strategic approach for maintaining its leading position is to keep their major markets at the same time expanding their business into the other emerging markets. However, different consumer groups in different countries may have very different tastes and/or requirements. So each full functional geographic unit of McDonald’s was required to wholly response for producing and marketing its products in that region. Through this regional structure, McDonald’s could not only satisfy the local consumers’ needs in different geographical areas but also pursuing ‘maximum local development’. Actually they produce and market slightly different types of products in different areas, and they even have different prices. As Jim Skinner, the vice-chairmen of McDonald’s illustrated that ‘if you are looking for a command center with one push button that operate our restaurant in every corner of the world, you won’t find it’. However, their philosophy of QSC&V-quality, service, cleanliness and value is same for everywhere. And McDonald’s targets the similar consumer segments that need fast service, affordable price and good standard hygiene. So their main products are similar in most countries, where they provided service, including beef, chicken, bread potatoes and milk. As the consumers in different countries having different foods requirements, McDonald’s keep launching new products for their regional consumers. In this case China and France can be very good examples. 2. McDonald’s in China: In 1990, McDonald’s opened their first store in shenzhen (near HongKong). But before they actually started their business, McDonald’s had already carried out 5 years business research and all sorts of information gathering such as the income level of the Chinese people, the kind of foods they enjoy etc. Moreover, their re-design of the counter, chairs and desks also reflected their considerations of the height and body shape of Chinese people. They made lots of efforts to promote their American burgers, and wanted to repeat the same success in China market as they has done elsewhere. Unfortunately, they are not as successful as KFC, their biggest rival, in China now. There are lots of reasons to explain it, one important issue which has once been ignored by McDonald’s is that Chinese people are more prefer chicken dishes than beef burgers, which are their main products. After identified this problem, McDonald’s has tried to adapt more Chinese tastes by adding more chicken meals into their menu for attracting more customers.(Chinese website) 3. McDonald’s in France: In France, where customers has been resentful of the fast-food chain’s incursion, McDonald’s has boosted it sales by remodeling restaurants i.e. hardwood floors, wood-beam ceilings, comfortable armchairs, and also by adding new menu items such as espresso, brioche and more upscale sandwiches. Actually they have successfully responded to the preferences of the local area. (Richard L.Daft) In the other countries the situation is the same. For example, in Canada, McDonald’s has introduced new Canadian feature breakfast. In Belgium, the McCicken Premiere has been added to the menu. Although McDonald’s has been regarded as the ultimate example of standardization for the world market. 4. How the strategy is influenced by external environment? The external environment can be divided into several sectors. In this section, I will only discuss two important parts: competitors, social concept (healthy problem) and uncertainty situation, which can greatly influence McDonald’s strategies. Then at the last part of this section, I will discuss one particular strategy they used which served for their future development purpose. Competitor: It’s unlikely that McDonald’s can always be No.1. In an annual consumer satisfaction survey, McDonald’s has been scored dead last among fast-food restaurants since 1992. In the fourth quarter of 2002, McDonald’s disclosed its first-ever quarterly loss, one reason why McDonald’s is struggling is that the consumers began to switch to its competitors, such as Burger King, Wendy’s, and Subway. These companies emphasized on offering fresher, hotter, high-quality foods at lower price with faster service. On the other hand, McDonald’s decided to close 719 poorly performing restaurants around world. All of these simply proved that McDonald’s might no longer be competitive in the fast-food market. And if McDonald’s cannot adapt external environment change, they might be gradually diminished and even replaced by other competitors. In order to keep their market share, increasing sales and profits. McDonald’s has to respond to the threat of competitors. In 2003, McDonald’s offered the McGriddles sandwiches in the US and the Canada feature breakfast. Meanwhile, McChicken Premiere and a zesty chicken have been introduced in the UK, France, Italy and Belgium. McDonald’s was trying to satisfy customer’s desire for premium products at affordable prices. Furthermore, McDonald’s is providing more choice with respond to offer ‘ Happy Meal’ to keep the children. For example, Happy meal now including chicken selects, and no-sugar –add fruit drink (juice and low-fat drink) and also to produce McDonald’s coffee which appeals to adult. Those products have been made to attract existing customer and develop new customers.(www.McDonalds) Moreover, in addition to the innovative menu, McDonald’s is also rebuilding and even relocating some of their restaurants to make the environment more attractive. At the same time, McDonald’s is differentiating itself by creating 73 Vol. 3, No. 11 International Journal of Business and Management more relevant experiences such as allowing the customers to access the Internet with the wireless technology platform. This innovative way not only attracts the teenagers, but also perfectly fitting the modern professionals’ requirements. Social problem –healthy issue With the economic development, people’s living standards have increased dramatically these years. People are becoming more concerned about their health issues. It cannot be denied that McDonald’s has attempted to make itself more convenience for the people. However, people also believe that such kinds of fast food are not good for their health. The world health organization‘s report presented that those food not only can cause the obesity of children, but also is part of the reason of causing cancer. Healthy issues became the biggest stumbling block to the development of McDonald’s. Customers were switching to healthier offering, such as Subway’s sandwiches, or KFC’s mashed potato instead of fried potato. McDonald’s has responded to this healthy trend. In order to compete, McDonald’s has added salads and other lighter options into their menu. If a mother comes in, she is not only buy the happy meal for her children, she will also be likely to buy herself a meal too .the lighter options also encourage existing customers to come back more often, because there is a greater variety of choices. Focus on Children No matter how different the tastes and the local needs are, McDonald’s has paid considerable attention to the children in every country. They built ‘happy land’ for them, offering fantastic â€Å"happy meals† with novelty toys to them. Furthermore, McDonald’s has just launched computers with games that were designed to inspire the children’s imagination at the same time shape their personal characteristics. There are three main reasons for McDonald’s to focus on the children: (1) Children are one of the biggest consumers groups to McDonald’s. And McDonald’s has been regarded, as their favorite place to go .The brand culture â€Å"happiness† is known by children. (2) McDonald’s believe that focusing on children can build the stable business, and will provide the best engine to encourage the whole family to come to McDonald’s. For example, one happy meal for a child only cost $ 5 but McDonald’s can produce more new products in addition to happy meal to offer the whole family. (3) By Building a brand loyalty with the children, McDonald’s more likely to be successfully today and in the future. In my opinion, McDonald’s is not just selling the happy meal to children; it is selling the American culture to the children – the enjoyable individual life. Actually this strategy with focused children segment is fully worked for their future development purpose. Whatever how the environment changes this strategy can always develop future generation customers’ loyalty. And the â€Å"happy children† can also bring in the whole â€Å"happy families†. Conclusion To sum up, there is a strong possibility that if the company fails to recognize the new competitions, shifting of consumer interests, and the social trends or innovative technologies, it will loose its market share. Previously, McDonald’s emphasis on adding new restaurants for near 5 years, more than 50% of increase in new restaurants opened. Unfortunately, there was only 2% of increase in the sale of the food. So, in the year 2003 McDonald’s decided to change its focus on increasing sales at existing restaurant and reduced capital spending which allows for a sizeable amount of cash be returned to shareholder. For achieving their objectives, the McDonald’s strategy should be attract more new customers, encourage existing customers to visit McDonald’s more often, build brand loyalty and, ultimately, create enduring profitable growth for the company. References Edstrà ¶m. A., & Galbraith, J.R. (1977). Transfer of managers as a coordination and control strategy in multinational organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly, 22, June, 248-263. Egelhoff, W.G. (1984). Patterns of control in U.S., U.K. and European multinational corporations. Journal of International Business Studies, Fall, 73-83 Fatehi, K. (1996). International Management, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Geringer, J.M. & Hebert, L. (1989). Control and performance of international joint ventures. Journal of International Business Studies, Summer, 235-253 Hodgetts, R.M., Luthans, F. (1994). International Management, New York: McGraw-Hi Richard L.Daft,(2005).Organization Theory and Design, 8th edition, Thomson ,south-western(Chapter 10) Mead, R. (1994). International Management. Cross Cultural Dimensions, Oxford: Blackwell. http://baike.baidu.com/view/4676.htm

Photosystems 12 essays

Photosystems 12 essays Photosynthesis occurs in 3 main stages: energy is captured from sunlight, then its converted into chemical energy and stored in organic molecules. Photosystems are light harvesting units of the thylakoid membrane. Each photosystem has four hundred pigment molecules. A photon hits the pigment molecules and travels through each molecule and then reaches the reaction center as shown in figure 1-1. The thylakoid membrane has two photosystems, photosystem 1 s reaction center is called P680 because it is best at absorbing 680 mm light. The Calvin cycle begins by incorporating Co2 from the air into molecules in the chloroplast. This action is called carbon fixation. The next thing it does is add electrons to the fixed carbon to make it carbohydrate. The power of the Calvin cycle comes from NADPH. The Calvin cycle also needs energy from ATP, which is generated by light reactions. This is reaction is called dark reactions because it does not directly need light to work. So basically all the Calvin cycle does is make sugar with out light but with help from ATP ...

Summer of the 17th doll essays

Summer of the 17th doll essays Ray Lawlers, Summer of the 17th doll captures the aura of a rapidly changing 1950s, focusing on the failures of a dilapidated Melbourne household, whilst also illustrating the changing characters of the Australian nation. Built around the traditions of a lay off period Lawlers famous play, in its language, costume and setting is exotically Australian and explores the failures of Australias characters to grow up and recognize there is future, beyond high times and livin Lawlers play, directed by Rod Kinnear, in 1977, although staying fairly true to the original script fails to capture the aura and importance of the lay off, whilst also alters audience perceptions of Lawlers characters. True to the play, Sumner shatters the Olives vision of the lay off, however such a dramatic event fails in its intended effect upon the audience. Lawlers stage directions are quick to establish the importance of the lay off even before a word is spoken. With little pattern or taste evident in the furniture, the souvenirs and kewpie dolls are the main decorative features. These, by themselves represent the long-standing tradition between the characters, Olive, Roo and Barney. Similarly through the likes of Bubba, Lawler is quick to establish a feel of excitement throughout his play. Bubba, is a youthful figure who enjoys and anticipates the tradition of the lay off and thus in her manner she continues to create audience anticipation for the arrival of Roo and Barney and thus the beginning of the extensive tradition. Bubbas walking sticks, yet another symbol of the lay off do not impress Pearl, however the audience are still able to sense the excitement and aura such a tradition brings to the small Melbournian household. Although Lawler carefully constructs the aura of the lay o...

Welfare, a Broken System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Welfare, a Broken System - Essay Example This essay discusses that the policy of most states, given their new discretionary powers, is and will continue to be to ‘persuade’ women off welfare roles and to work outside of the home, many times well outside the home, with no regard as to their families’ needs. Because of federal budgetary constraints, the safety net of welfare benefits and programs such as Medicare that assist impoverished children is expected to diminish. The welfare system as it stands today is lacking in resources and innovative methods by which to alleviate child poverty despite the extensive welfare restructuring in the U.S. and its continued expansion. It would be a gross understatement to declare that the U.S. welfare system does not compare to European countries. Most countries in Europe have opposing views to those in the U.S. regarding the virtues of a comprehensive welfare system. The U.S. version of welfare largely subsists in the temporary benefits provided to a fraction of the most impoverished of families. Other monetary benefits to families are practically nonexistent. By contrast, in Sweden and Germany for example, benefits are made available to all citizens regardless of earnings. It is a cruel irony. The U.S. is the most powerful economic society in the history of the world yet is not willing to ease the miseries of those in desperate poverty residing within its own borders. European countries that have had their economies decimated by two world wars over the last hundred years yet still take care of their own.

International marketing and communication Essay

International marketing and communication - Essay Example Globalization has resulted in increased pressure on the firms to achieve global competitive advantage. Automotive industry has recently witnessed large scale consolidation of organization resulting in mergers and acquisitions to capitalize the strengths of each market and organization. Most of the organizations in the automobile industry are doing business offshore. Automobile manufacturing contributes to 10% of the world GDP. Canadian Automobile industry also contributes significantly in the regional GDP. With WTO policies of free trade there is no more legislation in Canada which supports the BIG three of the US automobile industry. Many non-American firms such as Japanese have already entered Canadian market. Peugeot already has its existence in the Canadian market with their motorbikes. With fluctuating oil prices, growing environmental concerns and the expected forecast of growth the time is ripe for Peugeot to enter Canadian market with its full range of products. Peugeot has a competitive edge in the Canadian market with already developed distribution system. A large population of Canada speaks French so a French company will get some favors from the consumers. Contents Introduction 4 Market Characteristics 5 Market Review 6 SLEPT Analysis 6 Social 7 Political 7 Economical 7 Technological 8 Legal 8 Industry Climate Significant New Trends 8 French Automobile Industry 9 Situational Analysis 9 Current products 10 Existing Segments 10 Current Pricing 11 Current Distribution 11 Current Media and Communications 12 Objectives 12 Objectives for the Organizations 13 Objectives for the product/services 14 Objectives for Target market 14 Implementation 14 Segmentation 14 Positioning 15 Standardization VS Adaptation 15 Communication 16 Future Research 16 Bibliography 18 Introduction The Canadian car manufacturing industry is very huge with total revenue of $ 18.1 billion in 2010. In the recent past the growth has been negative. The compound annual rate of change (CA RC) for the total revenue is -2.7% for the period 2006-2010. Total production along with the revenue has also declines in the same period and the CARC for the production volume of the industry is -2.8%. The total production volume in 2010 was 1,272,825 units. The picture is still not all that gloomy and that is the reason for my selection of this industry. The forecasts for the industry are encouraging. An upward trend is expected. For the next five years i.e. till 2015 the industry is expected to accelerate and grow. The forecast is a positive CARC although a little low at 0.4%. With this CARC the industry is expected to grow to a value of $18.4 billion by the end of 2015. 1(Data monitor, 2011) Peugeot has long history in France. Armond Peugeot launched the first quadricycle oil in 1890. Since then there has been no looking back for Peugeot. The second French manufacturer in early 1970’s developed partnership with Renault/Volvo, Fiat or BMW. This change in management led to the creation of Citroen PSA Peugeot-Citroen. Brand strengthened and the company has expanded globally. Peugeot has a distinctive history of providing elegant and unconventional designs. Peugeot 401 and 601 Eclipse shinned in 1934 with unconventional design of retractable rooftop designed by legendary Georges Paulin. It became such a success that it was preceded by a long queue of innovative and luxurious

Exam 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Exam 3 - Essay Example In the science of linguistics there are hundreds of commonly used terms and abbreviations that help linguists to simply analysis of language. The most fundamental task when looking at the diagram is to define the terms and abbreviations contained in the diagram, logically starting at the top left position and moving to the bottom right along with the flow of the arrows (another communication tool). This will assist the non-linguist onlooker, who can then drawn on his own background—as well as the help given in this paper—to comprehend the meaning of linguistic terms. The most prominent term in the diagram is Lexicon. The lexicon is the vocabulary a language is made up of, which a combination of words and expressions. It is considered to be made up of lexemes, or different forms of the same word or expression (SIL International, 2011). An example would be â€Å"run, runs, ran and running,† a single lexeme. ... The abbreviation LF in linguistics stands for â€Å"logical form† and the abbreviation PF stands for the â€Å"phonetic form†, both of which are listed on the same level indicating that they are semantically equivalent (Freely, 2009). The phonetic form is shown to give rise to the phonetic output, of the literal words communicated, while the logical form gives rise to the linguistic meaning, which relies much more on the background of the speaker as shown by the additional arrows connecting extralinguistic knowledge with the final utterance meaning. The utterance meaning may be understood by the non-linguist, as in the case of the friend given in the exam problem, to be the meaning of a word or phrase. By defining the abbreviations terms given in the diagram, one could explain to a non-linguistic, such as the friend in the problem, that the diagram ultimately represents a way to understand word of phrase meaning in a logical and scientific fashion. In linguistics there are many forms of diagrams. The form demonstrated in this diagram is a flow chart. It is read from top to bottom, and from left to right, which is the standard in western cultures. Because the diagram subject is United States English, this form is the most logical, implying that most people that are to use the chart are also from western societies. If the diagram was aimed at eastern cultures, for instance Chinese or Japanese readers, a right to left orientation would be more appropriate. In the diagram, lexicon is given the highest priority by its placement at the top left. The secondary category defines the language type, US English, which also has the implications that many other languages exist and may be treated by similar diagrams. The child of the language

Skills and Applications Task Essay Example for Free

Skills and Applications Task Essay Purpose This task provides the opportunity for you to demonstrate your ability to: investigate and critically analyse the purpose, design concepts, processes, and production techniques of existing products investigate and analyse the differing characteristics and properties of materials or components. apply appropriate knowledge and understanding of skills, processes, procedures, and techniques to a range of technological activities. Description of assessment Investigate and analyse the properties of two or more materials or components that may be suitable for use in the creation of your major product. 1. Begin by considering the critical properties required of materials used in your final product (e.g. hardness, durability, malleability, rigidibility, machinability, or others). 2. Devise methods in which you test materials to determine their suitability (e.g. research, tests, experiments). 3. Investigate a number of possible options for your choice of materials. Identify their properties. Select two that you think may be most suitable for your product. 4. Investigate these two materials to a greater depth using the methods you identified in Step 2 and include an analysis of the impact of the materials on individuals, society, and/or the environment. 5. Summarise and evaluate the results of your experimentation with a recommendation for use in your major product. Assessment conditions You should negotiate the method of presentation before starting. You have one week of lesson time in which to complete the testing component of the task and 2 weeks for completion of the report. The presentation of the results of your investigation and analysis should be a maximum of 800 words  if written or a maximum of 5 minutes if presented as recorded multimedia material. Learning Requirements Assessment Design Criteria 1. investigate and critically analyse the purpose, design concepts, processes, and production techniques of existing products or systems 2. create, test, validate, modify, and communicate design ideas for an identified need, problem, or challenge 3. investigate, analyse, and use the differing characteristics and properties of materials, components, processes, and equipment to create products or systems safely 4. use the design process to select materials, components, processes, techniques, and equipment, to develop and implement solutions and ideas for products or systems 5. apply appropriate knowledge and understanding of skills, processes, procedures, and techniques to a range of technological activities 6. evaluate product or system development and outcome, and reflect on technological ideas and procedures used, with reference to the design brief 7. analyse the impact of technological practices, products, or systems on individuals, society, and/or the environment. Investigating The specific features are as follows: 1. Identification of a need, problem, or challenge. 2. Creation and validation of an initial design brief based on needs analysis and task identification. 3.Investigation and critical analysis of the characteristics of existing products, processes, systems, and/or production techniques. 4. Investigation of product material options and analysis for product use. 5. Investigation into the impact of products or systems on individuals, society, and/or the environment. Planning The specific features are as follows: 1. Analysis of information to develop solutions to an identified design brief. 2.Communication of product design ideas using relevant technical language. 3. Testing, modification, and validation of ideas or procedures. Producing The specific features are as follows: 1. Application of skills, processes, procedures, and techniques to create a product or system to a chosen standard and specification. 2. Use of resources, equipment, and materials to create a product or system safely and accurately. 3. Development of solutions to technical problems that may arise during product or system realisation. Evaluating The specific features are as follows: 1.  Evaluation of product success against design brief requirements. 2. Evaluation of the effectiveness of the product or system realisation process. 3. Reflection on materials, ideas, or procedures, with recommendations. 4. Analysis of the impact of the product or system on individuals, society, and/or the environment.

PIE CHART - Data Visualization for Businesses Essay examples -- essays

Pie Chart Data Visualization for Businesses A picture is worth a thousand words. The ability to graphically represent your business data gives you the power to make informed business decisions quickly. (Microsoft.com, 2002) This representation must be visually appealing and easy to understand. By keeping it simple, it allows the broadest number of users to interpret the data, gain insights as to its meaning and facilitate communication on the data ultimately to solve the company ¡Ã‚ ¦s problem. Data visualization is the use of interactive, sensory representations, typically visual, of abstract data to reinforce cognition. (Wikipedia.org, 2005) That in itself is a method or technique of decision-making. To further break it down, the most popular and widely used tool of data visualization is the Pie Chart. There are two types of pie charts. The first type is your standard Pie Chart and the second is the Exploded Pie Chart. The standard pie chart shows parts and their relationship to the whole. Pie charts are always based on a circle, since the circle provides a true visual concept of the whole hundred percent. The parts or  ¡Ã‚ §pies ¡Ã‚ ¨ of the chart represent percentages of the whole. The Exploded Pie Chart is nearly identical to the standard with the exception that one  ¡Ã‚ §pie ¡Ã‚ ¨ is visually separated from the rest for emphasis. Pie charts are created with the help of a compass, protractor, circle stencil, can or jar and a ruler for drawing in the segmented pies. A pie chart should alwa...